The present study was designed to explore the relationship between children´s causal attributions of success or failure and achievement-related behavior, including expectancy for future suceess or failure, achievement motivation, and academic achievement. Five hundred and fifty fifth and sixth-grade children (270 males and 280 females) were drawn from an elementary school in Taipei city. They were administered both attributional scale for success or failure and achievement motivation scale, except that the scores of school achievement were copied down from the school record. The data obtained were analyed by Pearson product-moment correlation, path analysis, and canonical correlation analysis. The major results obtained were: (1)In the case of success attribution, both internal causes, ability and effort, were positively correlated with achievement-related behavior, but task difficulty and luck, both external causes, have low correlations with achievement-related behavior. (2)In the case of failure attribution, only luck factor was found to be positively correlated with achievement-related behavior, but ability, effort, and task difficulty have positive correlation with the expectancy for future failure. (3)The causal path for success or failure proposed based on Weiner´s theory, was not supported by the data obtained in this research. (4)Among these four attributions, both internal causes, ability and effect, were the most powerful variables for achievement-related behavior. (5)In the case of failure attributions, these four attributions, with the exception of effort cause for girls, influenced the expectancy for future failure through one canonical factor.