The purpose of this study so to use the cross-sectional approach to investigate the development of physique and basic physical fitness of Chinese children and adolescents. The total number of subjects are 1995 students sampled from the first year of primary school to the third year of junior high school. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1. There are significant differences of body height and weight in sexes and grades. 2. Although there is significant difference of sitting height in sexes and grades, it does not identify the spurt growth of the length of lower limbs during the puberty years. 3. There is a steady increase of muscular strength (pull-ups; flexed-arm-hanging) development in boys from the first grade to the ninth grade, but girls sometimes decrease. 4. The flexibility (sit-up) in both sexes increase gradually, but girls have a tendency to decrease in the eighth and ninth grades. 5. The development of speed (50 meter sprint) in boys makes progress with years, but the speed in girls reaches at the top in the fifth and sixth grades and shows to slow down during the junior high school years. 6. There is a steady increase of muscular power (standing long jump) development in boys from the first grade to the ninth grade, but the increase in girls are not so clear and steady. 7. The development of agility (shuttle run) in both sexes makes progress with years, but all the years girls are slower than boys. 8. The development of coordination (soft-boll throw for distance) in both sexes makes steady progress from the first grade to the ninth grade, but boys make more progress than girls. 9. There is a steady increrse of endurance (endurance run) in both sexes during the years of primary school, but untill the years of junior high school boys continue to increase, girls are not.