Considerable research has indicated that physical activity plays a significant role in delaying aged-related cognitive decline. Among these studies cognitive neuroscience is one of the most contemporary approaches used to exploring the relationships among physical activity, cognitive functionings, and human brain status. The purpose of this review is to compare and analyze studies that the applied of magnetic resonance imaging studies regarding on physical activity, aging of neurocognitive functioning, and brain structures. Results reveal that physical activity has beneficial effects on brain structure, and international research has been employed by examining multi-directional dimensional analysis, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, epidemiological and experimental approaches. Specifically, based on the variables and analysis approaches utilized, these studies can be categorized according to measurements of physical fitness, cardiovascular fitness, white and gray matter statuses, neuron connectivity, specific brain structure variations, and mediational analysis. To achieve international status, research in Taiwan need to focus on issues that address the sub-components of physical fitness, including sport and exercise modalities, cognitive functionings and their measurements, and the status of the moderators using, using more rigid research designs in future studies..