Perfectionism is a highly influential personal disposition that affects students’ learning motivation, behavior, and adjustment. Most studies have classified perfectionism according to its “character” or “resources”; however, the study results have been mixed. Thus, more detailed classification of perfectionism might be necessary. Furthermore, both “character” and “resources” are useful means by which to classify perfectionism. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to construct a 4-dimensional perfectionism model by employing 2 character aspects (perfectionistic strivings/perfectionistic concerns) and 2 resource aspects (self-oriented perfectionism/socially prescribed perfectionism) and explored the relationships of the 4-dimensional perfectionism with achievement goals and burnout.
Accordingly, this study performed confirmatory factor analyses of three competing models of perfectionism in order to construct the 4-dimensional perfectionism model and then constructed a model of perfectionism, achievement goals and burnout in order to analyze the relationships of perfectionism with achievement goals and burnout. The participants were 1,310 junior high school students, and structural equation modeling was used. The following results were obtained: (a) the 4-dimensional perfectionism model fitted the observed data better than the other two competing models; (b) the model of perfectionism, achievement goals, and burnout fitted the observed data well; (c) self-oriented perfectionistic strivings had the strongest effect on approach-mastery goals, and socially prescribed perfectionistic strivings had the strongest effect on approach-performance goals; (d) approach-mastery and approach-performance goals negatively predicted burnout, and avoidance-mastery and avoidance-performance goals positively predicted burnout; and (e) self-oriented perfectionistic strivings negatively predicted burnout, and self-oriented perfectionistic concerns positively predicted burnout.
This study classified perfectionism through combining both its “character” and “resources” dimensions to expand past studies. The findings concerning the relationships between 4-dimensional perfectionism and 4-dimensional achievement goals yield more abundant information than past related studies. The study focused on the perspectives of approach and avoidance to analyze the relationships between 4-dimensional achievement goals and burnout to overcome the research gap. In pedagogical implications, parents and teachers can promote children’s self-oriented perfectionistic strivings and approach-mastery goals and decrease their socially prescribed perfectionistic concerns and avoidance-performance goals to lessen their burnout.
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Construction of 4-Dimensional Perfectionism and Its Relationship with Achievement Goals and Burnout
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